The Conversational Eloquence of Madame de Staël.
On July 14 1817 French woman of letters of Swiss origin Anne Louise Germaine de Staël-Holstein commonly known as Madame de Staël passed away. She was one of Napoleon's principal opponents. Celebrated for her conversational eloquence, she participated actively in the political and intellectual life of her times. Her works, both critical and fictional, made their mark on the history of European Romanticism. She was a remarkable woman, and not all men of her time did really well get along with her, as e.g. Napoleon Goethe or Schiller. Anne Louise Germaine Necker was born on April 22, 1766 in Paris, France as the only daughter of the prominent Swiss banker and statesman Jacques Necker who was the Director of Finance under King Louis XVI of France. Her mother was Suzanne Curchod hostess of one of the most popular salons of Paris who intended to educate her daughter according the principles of J.-J. Rousseau and to endow her with the intellectual education and Calvinist discipline of her own Protestant pastor father. She usually brought Germaine as a young child to sit at her feet in her salon, where the sober intellectuals took pleasure in stimulating the brilliant child. After Jacques Necker's dismissal from office, they resided in 1784 in Coppet at Château, her father's estate on Lake Geneva which she later would make famous. Soon Germaine's parents became impatient for her to marry. But, the difficulty now in France was thatthey are said to have objected to her marrying a Roman Catholic, which definitely limited the number of available candidates. Finally, she married Baron Erik Magnus Staël von Holstein in 1786 who was first an attaché of the Swedish legation, and then minister. The husband was 37, the wife 20. Madame de Staël was accused of extravagance. This was a mere legal formality, however, and on the whole the marriage seems to have been acceptable to both parties, neither of whom had any affection for the other. Overall, de Staële was striking rather than beautiful with a flamboyant style of dress. She is described as being tall, but rather clumsy. Actually, there is the story where she tripped over her train when she made her debut at court and fell on her face. She had abundant black hair, large hazel eyes, beautiful shoulders, and a generous bosom. While not a great beauty, she was vivacious and more important, a witty conversationalist, not afraid to share her opinions. She began writing novels strongly supporting the ideals of Rousseau and favored constitutionalism in politics. Her novels were bestsellers and her literary criticism was highly influential. Her first child, a boy, was born in 1790 the week before Necker finally left France in unpopularity and disgrace; and the increasing disturbances of the Revolution made her privileges as ambassadress very important safeguards. She fled the September massacres in 1792 and then moved to Coppet Castle where she gathered round her a considerable number of friends and fellow-refugees, the beginning of the salon which at intervals during the next 25 years made the place so famous. It was during these years that Madame de Staël was of chief political importance. And it was also the time that she became regarded by contemporary Europe as the personal enemy of Napoleon Bonaparte It displeased Napoleon that Madame de Staël should show herself recalcitrant to his influence. But it probably pleased Madame de Staël to quite an equal degree that Napoleon should apparently put forth his power to crush her and fail. Both personages had a curious touch of theatricality. "Madame," the general informed the lady in question, "I do not want women mixed up in politics." "You are perfectly right," came the reply, "but in a country where their heads are cut off, it is only natural for them to want to know why." (Exchange between Napoleon Bonaparte and Madame de Staël. She formed the nucleus of a liberal resistance that so embarrassed Napoleon that in 1803 he had her banished to a distance of 64km from Paris. From December 1803 to April 1804 she made a journey through Germany culminating in a visit to Weimar already established as the shrine of Johann Wolfgang von Goethe and Friedrich von Schiller. In Berlin she met August Wilhelm von Schlegel who was to become, after 1804 her frequent companion and counselor. Meanwhile Madame de Staël persecuted by the police, fled from Napoleon Europe Having married a young Swiss officer “in 1811 she went to Austria and, after visiting Russia Finland and Sweden arrived in England in 1813. She was received with enthusiasm although reproached by such liberals as Lord Byron for being more anti-Napoleonic than liberal. On the Bourbon Restoration in 1814 Madame de Staël returned to Paris but was deeply disillusioned: the fall of Napoleon had been followed by foreign occupation and had in no way reestablished liberty in France During the Hundred Days she escaped to Coppet and in September 1815 set out again for Italy. In 1816 she returned to spend the summer at Coppet where she was joined by Lord Byron in flight from England after his unhappy matrimonial experience. A strong friendship developed between the two writers. Madame de Staël lived only two years following Napoleon's defeat. By coincidence, de Staël died in Paris on July 14 1817 - Bastille Day - the day commemorating one of the first events of the French Revolution. At yovisto you can learn more about Goethe and his philosophical conception of the world in Prof Fred Amrine's lecture 'Kicking away the ladder'