Sophie Germain and the Chladni Experiment.
On June 27 1831 French mathematician physicist and philosopher Marie-Sophie Germain passed away. She is best known for her work in number theory and contributions to the applied mathematics of acoustics and elasticity. Her work on Fermat's Last Theorem provided a foundation for mathematicians exploring the subject for hundreds of years after. Because of prejudice against her gender, she was unable to make a career out of mathematics, but she worked independently throughout her life. There is not much known about Sophie Germain's early life. Many historians believe that she was the daughter of a pretty wealthy silk merchant while others assume, her father used to be a goldsmith. Clear is however, that she was born in 1776 in Paris. When the French Revolution started in France Germain 13 years old and it is widely assumed that she had to stay inside due to safety reasons and that she spent a lot of time in her father's library to keep herself entertained. Among the books that attracted her interest the most was apparently J. E. Montucla's "L'Histoire des Mathématiques". Next to mathematics, the young woman also started to teach herself in Greek and Latin in order to understand the works of Newton. Euler Furtherly, it is believed that Germain "Le Calcul Différentiel" by Jacques Antoine-Joseph Cousin, who highly encouraged her in her studies during a visit. However, it is widely assumed that Gemain lots of trouble convincing her parents from her new passions, who first did not approve her studies and apparently even took away her materials until realizing that she was really serious about it. When the École Polytechnique opened, Sophie Germain was about 18 years old and of course, as a woman not allowed to attend any courses. However, she managed to study the lecture notes and started sending own works to the faculty member Joseph Louis Lagrange under the name of a former student. When Lagrange a meeting with the student, her real identity was revealed and luckily, the scientist became her mentor, impressed by Germain's brilliance. Soon, she started corresponding with Adrien-Marie Legendre in order to discuss number theory and later on also elasticity. Also the well established mathematician published some of her work in a later edition of the "Théorie des Nombres". In this period, Sophie Germain also started corresponding with Gauss who admired her courage and intelligence. However, at some point, Gauss. Germain's correspondence stopped and she became more and more interested in the Ernst Chladni and his experiments. The German scientist is probably best known for his research on vibrating plates and the calculation of the speed of sound for different gases. Germain of a contest sponsored by the Paris Academy of Sciences concerning Chladni's experiments with vibrating metal plates and the goal was "to give the mathematical theory of the vibration of an elastic surface and to compare the theory to experimental evidence". Lagrange commented that a solution to the problem would require the invention of a new branch of analysis and thus, Germain the only person to enter the competition. After having submitted her paper in 1811 Germain did not win the prize even though "the experiments presented ingenious results". After two more extensions of the competition, Germain the judge Denis Poisson, who shortly after published his own research results on elasticity not mentioning Germain's help in any sentence. When Sophie Germain submitted her third work on the topic in 1816 she became the first woman to win a prize from the Paris Academy of Sciences though the judges were again not completely satisfied as her method was not believed to be accurate enough and relied on incorrect equations from Euler However, even though she had won the prize, Germain still not able to attend the Academy's sessions as a woman until two years later, the befriended Joseph Fourier acquired tickets for her. At yovisto, you may be interested in a video demonstration of the Chladni Experiments by Harvard University.