The Steel of Sir Henry Bessemer.
Sir Henry Bessemer (1813 – 1898). On January 19 1813 English engineer inventor and businessman Sir Henry Bessemer was born. Bessemer's name is chiefly known in connection with the Bessemer process the first process for manufacturing steel inexpensively (leading to the development of the Bessemer converter. Henry Bessemer was born on January 19 1813 in Charlton, Hertfordshire England. He was the son of an engineer and typefounder and he showed a great interest in making own inventions at early age. Bessemer proved to be mechanically skilled and had his first success selling 'gold' powder made from brass as a paint additive. Henry Bessemer also patented a method for making a continuous ribbon of plate glass in 1848 but it was not really commercially successful. Through the years, Henry Bessemer thought of more and more inventions and he began working on the problem of manufacturing cheap steel for ordnance production from 1850 to 1855 when he patented his method. He first described the process to a meeting of the British Association in Cheltenham which he titled "The Manufacture of Iron Without Fuel. The famous Bessemer process involved the procedure of oxygen blown in the air through molten pig iron to burn off the impurities and thus create steel It is known that James Nasmyth had been working on a similar idea for some time prior to this. However, after hearing Bessemer talk about his invention, Nasmyth turned his project down as he was about to retire anyway. The general lack of steel was hard for all industries back then and they had to rely on cast iron as well as wrought iron There were several accidents when cast iron beams collapsed suddenly, such as the Dee bridge disaster of May 1847 the Wooton bridge collapse and the Bull bridge accident of 1860. The failures continued until all cast iron under-bridges were replaced by steel structures. As the cost of production steel decreased, the material was starting to be widely substituted for cast iron. When Bessemer licensed the patent for his process to several ironmasters the companies had great difficulties producing steel of an acceptable quality. The Swedish ironmaster Göran Fredrik then tried using purer charcoal pig iron and made good steel by the process after numerous attempts. Also, it had been shown that the quantity of carbon could be controlled by removing almost all of it from the iron and then adding an exact amount of carbon and manganese. The process highly improved the quality of the material and was first introduced by Robert Forester Mushet. The inventor and businessman erected steelworks in Sheffield in a business partnership with others and began to manufacture steel. When Mushet's daughter, Mary, decided to travel to London in order to confront Bessemer at his offices, arguing that his success was based on the results of her father’s work. Bessemer decided to pay Mushet an annual pension of £300, a very considerable sum, which he is assumed to have paid for over 20 years, possibly with the purpose to keeping the Mushets from legal action. At yovisto you may learn more about the topic in the video lecture 'From the European Coal and Steel Community to the Common Market' by Prof. Dr. Vernon Bogdanor at Gresham College.