Lejeune Dirichlet and the Mathematical Function.
Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet (1805-1859). On February 13, 1805, German mathematician Johann Peter Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet was born. Dirichlet is best known for his papers on conditions for the convergence of trigonometric series and the use of the series to represent arbitrary functions. He also proposed in 1837 the modern definition of a mathematical function. Gustav Lejeune Dirichlet was born in Düren halfway between Aachen and Cologne in Germany a town on the left bank of the Rhine which at the time was part of Napoleon Bonaparte's French Empire. His father Johann Arnold Lejeune Dirichlet was the postmaster merchant and city councilor whose family came from Richelet, a small town in Belgium. This explains the origin of his name which comes from "Le jeune de Richelet" meaning "Young from Richelet". The youngest of seven children, his parents enrolled him in an elementary school and then private school to become a merchant But, young Dirichlet showed a strong interest in mathematics and convinced his parents to allow him to continue his studies. In 1817 he was sent to the Gymnasium in Bonn and in 1820 Dirichlet moved to the Jesuit Gymnasium in Cologne where his lessons with Georg Simon Ohm widened his knowledge in mathematics. By the age of 16 Dirichlet had completed his school qualifications and was ready to enter university However, the standards in German universities were not high at this time so Dirichlet decided to study in Paris. In 1822 Dirichlet contracted smallpox but it did not keep him away from his lectures in the Collège de France for long. In 1823 he was recommended to General Foy, who hired him as a private tutor to teach his children German the wage finally allowing Dirichlet to become independent from his parents' financial support Dirichlet's first original research brought him immediate fame, since it was on Fermat's Last Theorem. The theorem claimed that for n 2 there are no non-zero integers x, y, z such that xn + yn = zn. The cases n = 3 and n = 4 had been proven by Leonard Euler and Fermat and Dirichlet attacked the theorem for n = 5. Adrien-Marie Legendre one of the referees soon completed the proof for this case, while Dirichlet completed his own proof a short time after Legendre and a few years later produced a full proof for the case n=14. In 1825 encouraged by Alexander von Humboldt Dirichlet decided to return to Germany. In order to teach in a German university Dirichlet would have needed an habilitation. Although Dirichlet could easily submit an habilitation thesis this was not allowed since he did not hold a doctorate nor could he speak Latin as it was required by that time. The problem was nicely solved by the University of Cologne giving Dirichlet an honorary doctorate thus allowing him to submit his habilitation thesis to the University of Breslau . With Alexander von Humboldt's help Dirichlet then moved to Berlin in 1828 where he was appointed at the Military College and would be able to teach at the University of Berlin Soon after this he was appointed a professor at the University of Berlin where he remained from 1828 to 1855. In 1829 during a trip, he met Carl Gustav Jacob Jacobi, at the time professor of mathematics at Königsberg University. Over the years they kept meeting and corresponding on research matters, in time becoming close friends Dirichlet was appointed to the Berlin Academy in 1831 and an improving salary from the university put him in a position to marry, and he married Rebecca Mendelssohn one of the composer Felix Mendelssohn's two sisters. In 1837 Dirichlet proposed the modern concept of a function y = f (x) in which for every x, there is associated with it a unique y. This work was inspired by significant contributions he had made to the understanding on Fourier Series particularly with respect to conditions of convergence. In mechanics he investigated the equilibrium of systems and potential theory which led him to the Dirichlet problem concerning harmonic functions with prescribed boundary values. Dirichlet had a high teaching load at the University of Berlin being also required to teach in the Military College and in 1853 he complained in a letter to his pupil Leopold Kronecker that he had thirteen lectures a week to give in addition to many other duties It was therefore something of a relief when, on Carl Friedrich Gauss's death in 1855 he was offered his chair at Göttingen Ernst Eduard Kummer was called to assume his position as a professor of mathematics in Berlin. The quieter life in Göttingen seemed to suit Dirichlet. He had more time for research and some outstanding research students However, sadly he was not to enjoy the new life for long. Dirichlet died on 5 May 1859 in Göttingen. At yovisto you can learn more about number theory a lecture on Gauss' Law.